Internal Medicine & Patient Care

Primary care is the routine healthcare given by a health care server. Typically this provider acts as the first contact and leading point of advancing care for patients within a healthcare system and organizes other specialist care that the patient may need. Patients generally receive primary care from specialist such as a primary care physician, an adult-gerontology nurse practitioner, Pediatric nurse practitioner and family nurse practitioner or a physician assistant. Depending on the nature of the health condition, patients may then be referred for secondary or tertiary care.   

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• Primary care
   

Intensive care medicine is a branch of medicine board with the diagnosis and administration of life-threatening disease cases requiring organ support and invasive auditing. Patients requiring intensive care may compel support for instability, acute renal failure, respiratory compromise, lethal cardiac arrhythmias or the increasing effects of multiple organ failure, more frequently referred to now as multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. They may also be introduced for invasive auditing, such like the crucial hours after major surgery when allow too unstable to transfer to a less intensively auditor unit. Intensive care is usually only offered to those whose condition is potentially reversible and who have a good chance of surviving with intensive care support. A prime requirement for admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) is that the underlying case can be defeated. Critical care medicine is a relatively new but increasingly important medical specialty. Physicians with training in critical care medicine are referred to as intensivists.

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• Unstable hypertension and hypotension
• Respiratory problems in critical care
• Acute renal failure
• Cardiac arrhythmias
• Multi organ dysfunction syndrome

Infectious diseases are disorder caused by micro-organisms such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi, these diseases can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another. They're normally harmless or even helpful, but under certain case, some organisms may source of disease. Infectious disease results from the coaction between those few microorganisms and the defenses of the hosts they infect. However a host's immune system can also cause harm to the host itself in an attempt to control the infection.

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• Viral infections
• Bacterial infections
• Parasitic infections
• Management of disorder

Emergency medicine is the medical specialty involving care for identical and unscheduled patient’s volunteers with injuries requiring immediate medical treatment. Emergency physicians are responsible for beginning examinations and interventions to investigate and treat patients in the acute phase including initial rejuvenation and stabilization, coordinating care with doctors from other specialties, and making opinion regarding a patient's need for hospital admission, examination and discharge. Emergency physicians generally practice in hospital emergency departments, pre-hospital settings through emergency medical assistance and intensive care units.

An adult disease being that can appear, but are not usually studied in the pediatric and child population: Schatzki's ring, Helicobacter pylori, cricopharyngeal achalasia, pancreatic carcinoma, achalasia, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, adenocarcinoma of the colon, malignant melanoma, thyroid carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, leiomyosarcoma of the ovary and sarcoidosis, hydatidiform mole. Radiologists explaining pediatric or child imaging should observe these entities and perform a proper diagnostic workup.

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• Nutrition in adults
• Physical activity or regular exercise
• Smoking and cessation
• Sleep and medical health conditions
• Regular health check up

Epidemiology is the course and analysis of the patterns, source and effects of health and epidemic conditions in specified populations. It is the keystone of civic health and shapes management decisions and data-based practice by identifying exposure factors for disorder and mark for precautionary healthcare. Epidemiologist’s assisted with study method, selection, and statistical analysis of evidence; alter interpretation and propagation of results. Epidemiology has helped evolve technique used in clinical research, civic health course and to a lesser intensity, basic research in the biological system.

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• Avian influenza
• Meningitis
• Ebola virus disease
• Smallpox and human monkey pox
• Yellow fever
• Zika virus

Geriatrics is a study that focuses on health care of aged people. It aims to stimulate health by countering and treating disorders and disabilities in elder adults. Geriatric physician who specialist in the care of older person. It is important to note the difference between geriatrics, the care of aged people, and gerontology, which is the study of the aging process itself. Geriatrics varies from standard adult medicine because it targeted on the particular needs of the aged person. The aged body is various physiologically from the younger developed body and during old age. 

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• Cardio geriatrics
• Geriatric dentistry
• Geriatric oncology
• Geriatric psychiatry
• Geriatric rehabilitation

Telemedicine is defined as the study of a telecommunication and information technology to contribute clinical health care from a span.  It has been used to overcome distance barriers and to improve a medical service which is often not being consistently available in rural communities. Telemedicine is also used to save lives in emergency situations and critical care.

Although there were distant precursors to telemedicine, it is essentially a product of 20th century X information technologies and information technologies. These technologies permit communications between patient and medical staff with both convenience and fidelity, as well as the transmission of medical, imaging and health informatics data from one site to another.

Early forms of telemedicine achieved by telephone and radio have been supplemented with video telephony, advanced diagnostic methods supported by distributed client/server applications, and additionally with telemedical devices to support in-home care.

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• Patient referral services in telemedicine
• Remote patient monitoring
• Telemedicine and quality of care
• Corporate wellness and telemedicine

Sports medicine is a study of medicine that deals with physical fitness and the treatment and prevention of fractures related to games and exercise. Games and exercise medicine physicians are specialist doctors who have completed medical school, appropriate residency training and then specialize further in sports medicine. Specialization in sports medicine may be a doctor's first specialty. It may also be a sub-specialty following a specialization such as orthopedic surgery and psychiatry. The various approaches reflect the medical culture in different countries.

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• Physical evaluation
• Physical rehabilitation
• Injuries (treatment and prevention)
• Psychology

A chronic condition is a human health condition or disorder that is persistent or otherwise long-lasting in its effects or a disease that comes with time. The term chronic is often applied when the course of the disease lasts for more than three months. In medicine, the opposite of chronic is acute. A chronic study is further distinguished from a recurrent course; recurrent diseases relapse continuously, with periods of remission in between. Chronic conditions have often been used to describe the various health related states of the human body such as syndromes, physical impairments, disabilities as well as diseases.

Diagnosis is the process of determining which disease or condition explains a person's symptoms and signs. Diagnosis is often challenging, because many signs and symptoms are nonspecific. Thus differential diagnosis, in which several possible explanations are compared and contrasted, must be performed. This involves the correlation of various pieces of information followed by the recognition and differentiation of patterns. Occasionally the process is made easy by a sign or symptom (or a group of several) that is pathognomonic. The information required for diagnosis is typically collected from a history and physical examination of the person seeking medical care. Often, one or more diagnostic procedures, such as diagnostic tests, are also done during the process. Sometimes Posthumous diagnosis is considered a kind of medical diagnosis.

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• Endocrinology case reports
• Intensive care medicine case reports
• Rheumatology case reports
• Nephrology case reports
• Cardiology case reports
• Orthopedic case reports

Healthcare is the maintenance or improvement of health through the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in human beings. Healthcare is delivered by health professionals in allied health professions, chiropractic, physicians, dentistry, physician associates, midwifery and other health professions. It includes the work done in providing primary care, secondary care, and tertiary care, as well as in public health.

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• Biotechnology in Health Care
• Bioinformatics in Health Care System
• Clinical Patient Management System
• Telemedicine

 Nephrology is a branch of medicine and pediatrics that concerns itself with the kidneys. It deals with the study of normal kidney function and kidney problems, the preservation of kidney health, and the treatment of kidney problems, from diet and medication to renal replacement therapy. Systemic conditions such as autoimmune disease and diabetes affect the kidneys and systemic problem such has hypertension occurs as a result of kidney problems are studied in nephrology.

Oncology is a branch of medicine dealing with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer. The oncologist is a medical professional who practices oncology. There are three components which have improved survival in cancer:

1. Prevention - This is by reduction of risk factors like tobacco and alcohol consumption.
2. Early diagnosis - Screening of common cancers and comprehensive diagnosis and staging
3. Treatment - Multimodality management by discussion in tumor board and treatment in a comprehensive cancer center.

Cancers are managed by attending  multi-disciplinary cancer conferences where the surgical oncologist, pathologist, medical oncologist, organ specific oncologists meet to find possible management for individual patient considering the social, emotional, physical, psychological and financial status of patients.  

 Endocrinology is a branch of medicine and biology, which deals with the endocrine system and its diseases. It also deals with specific secretions known as hormones. Endocrinology specializations include comparative and behavioral endocrinology.  It is also concerned with growth and development, sleep, tissue function, respiration, digestion, mood, stress, excretion, lactation, behavioral and psychological activities of metabolism, reproduction and sensory perception caused by hormones. Endocrinologists are frequently involved with the management and diagnosis of

• Hypothalamic disorders
• Gonadal disease
• Pituitary diseases
• Parathyroid abnormalities
• Lipid metabolism
• Iatrogenic effect of glucocorticoids
• Pancreatic endocrine disease
• Thyroid diseases Adrenal cortex dysfunction

Genomics is the study of genomes, the complete set of DNA within a cell of an organism. More specifically, genomics involves the sequencing and analysis of genomes. Genomics is also concerned with the structure, function, evolution, and mapping of genomes. In contrast to genetics, which refers to the study of individual genes and their roles in inheritance, genomics uses high throughput DNA sequencing and bioinformatics to assemble, and analyze the function and structure of entire genomes. The field also includes studies of intragenomic phenomena such as heterosis , epistasis , pleiotropy and other interactions between loci and alleles within the genome. Advances in genomics have triggered a revolution in systems biology which facilitates the understanding of complex biological systems such as the brain.

Clinical trials are observations or experiments done in clinical research. It includes  biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants  to answer specific questions about treatments such as novel vaccines, drugs, dietary choices, dietary supplements, and medical devices. It generates data on efficacy and safety. Clinical trials are conducted only after they receive approval from the ethics committee in the country. These authorities are responsible for benefit or risk ratio of trial and the approval does not mean the therapy is safe; it is that only the trial may be conducted. The cost of a trial is dependent on a number of factors. The sponsor for clinical trials may be a pharmaceutical company or government organization or medical device company. There are certain functions which are necessary to the trial include lab work and monitoring, managed by central laboratory or contract research organization.

Emergency medical services, known as ambulance services or paramedic services. These are emergency service for providing transport to definitive care, and other medical transport of patients with illness and injuries. Emergency medical services may also be locally known as ambulance corps, life squad, rescue squad, first aid squad. The main goal of most emergency medical services is to arrange for timely removal of the patient to the next point of definitive care, or provide treatment to those in need of urgent medical care. This is an emergency department at the hospital. Emergency medical service change from providing ambulances only for transport, to preliminary medical care which is given during transport. In some regions, the term is not used, or may be used inaccurately, because the service in question does not provide treatment to the patients, but only provides transport to the point of care.

 Electronic medical record refers to patient health information in a digital format. Records can be shared through enterprise-wide information systems or other information networks and exchanges. Electronic medical record includes range of data which includes medical history, laboratory test records, vital signs, billing information, radiology images. Electronic medical record systems are designed to store data accurately and to capture the state of a patient across time. Due to the digital information being searchable in a single file, electronic medical records are more effective when extracting medical data for the examination of possible trends and long term changes in a patient. Disease management is defined as health care interventions and communications for populations in which patient self-care efforts are significant.